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Sunday, July 27, 2025

ECE - Medical Instrumentation MCQ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

 Medical Instrumentation MCQ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

 

Here are **100 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)** with **four options each**, divided by the five units from your Medical Instrumentation syllabus. Each unit has **20 MCQs**. Answers are **highlighted in bold** for clarity.

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## ✅ **Unit I: Human Physiology & Biomedical Instrumentation**

1. What is the typical value of resting membrane potential in neurons?
   A) +30 mV
   **B) –70 mV**
   C) 0 mV
   D) –30 mV

2. Action potentials are generated when:
   A) Potassium exits the cell
   B) Chloride enters the cell
   **C) Sodium enters the cell**
   D) Calcium exits the cell

3. The Central Nervous System includes:
   A) Heart and lungs
   **B) Brain and spinal cord**
   C) Brain and kidneys
   D) Lungs and liver

4. Which organ pumps blood in the cardiovascular system?
   A) Lungs
   **B) Heart**
   C) Liver
   D) Brain

5. Main function of respiratory system is:
   A) Circulation
   **B) Gas exchange**
   C) Digestion
   D) Filtration

6. Urinary system removes:
   A) Oxygen
   B) CO₂
   **C) Waste products**
   D) Hormones

7. Surface electrodes are used for:
   **A) Non-invasive recording**
   B) Intracellular recording
   C) Deep muscle stimulation
   D) None of the above

8. Microelectrodes are primarily used for:
   A) ECG
   **B) Intracellular recordings**
   C) EMG
   D) Pulse oximetry

9. Needle electrodes are:
   A) Placed on skin
   B) Used only in ECG
   **C) Inserted into tissue**
   D) External only

10. A transducer converts:
    **A) One form of energy into another**
    B) Heat into light
    C) Light into pressure
    D) Sound into liquid

11. A sensor detects:
    A) Digital signals only
    B) Noise
    **C) Physical or chemical changes**
    D) Current

12. Signal conditioning includes:
    A) Encoding
    B) Compression
    **C) Amplification and filtering**
    D) Imaging

13. The purpose of amplification in biopotential signals is to:
    **A) Increase signal strength**
    B) Reduce noise
    C) Filter unwanted signals
    D) Compress data

14. Electrodes used for ECG are:
    A) Needle electrodes
    **B) Surface electrodes**
    C) Microelectrodes
    D) Invasive electrodes

15. The primary role of the kidney is:
    A) Oxygen transport
    B) Digestion
    **C) Waste filtration**
    D) Hormone regulation

16. Biopotential refers to:
    A) Magnetic field
    **B) Electrical potential in living tissue**
    C) Pressure wave
    D) Fluid movement

17. Action potentials propagate due to:
    **A) Ionic exchange across membranes**
    B) Heat transmission
    C) Pressure gradients
    D) Optical sensors

18. The CNS controls:
    A) Urination only
    **B) All voluntary and involuntary activities**
    C) Lung function only
    D) None

19. Biomedical amplifiers must have:
    A) High output impedance
    **B) High input impedance**
    C) High gain-to-noise
    D) Low input resistance

20. Which component boosts weak physiological signals?
    A) Transducer
    B) Sensor
    **C) Amplifier**
    D) Battery

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## ✅ **Unit II: Diagnostic & Monitoring Instruments**

21. ECG is used to monitor:
    A) Brain activity
    **B) Heart activity**
    C) Blood sugar
    D) Body temperature

22. P wave in ECG represents:
    **A) Atrial depolarization**
    B) Ventricular depolarization
    C) Atrial repolarization
    D) Ventricular repolarization

23. EEG measures electrical activity of the:
    A) Heart
    **B) Brain**
    C) Muscles
    D) Lungs

24. EMG records:
    A) Blood pressure
    **B) Muscle activity**
    C) Brain waves
    D) Skin temperature

25. Pulse oximeter measures:
    A) Pulse rate only
    B) BP
    **C) Oxygen saturation**
    D) Blood sugar

26. Normal SpO₂ value is:
    A) 70–80%
    **B) 95–100%**
    C) 85–90%
    D) 60–75%

27. EEG is useful for detecting:
    A) Heart attacks
    **B) Epilepsy**
    C) Lung function
    D) Kidney disorders

28. EMG electrodes are often:
    A) Skin electrodes
    B) Microelectrodes
    **C) Needle electrodes**
    D) None

29. Sphygmomanometer is used to measure:
    A) Heart rate
    **B) Blood pressure**
    C) Respiration rate
    D) Sugar levels

30. Korotkoff sounds are heard using:
    A) ECG
    B) EEG
    **C) Stethoscope**
    D) Thermometer

31. ERG tests the function of the:
    **A) Retina**
    B) Ear
    C) Heart
    D) Kidney

32. Audiometry is related to:
    **A) Hearing assessment**
    B) Vision
    C) Smell
    D) Blood pressure

33. EMG is helpful in diagnosing:
    A) Stroke
    **B) Neuromuscular disorders**
    C) Diabetes
    D) Cardiac failure

34. ECG is recorded using:
    **A) Surface electrodes**
    B) Laser probes
    C) Thermistors
    D) X-ray plates

35. Normal heart rate in adults is:
    A) 40–50 bpm
    **B) 60–100 bpm**
    C) 100–140 bpm
    D) 20–40 bpm

36. SpO₂ is monitored in:
    A) Brain surgery
    B) X-ray
    **C) Respiratory therapy**
    D) Audiometry

37. EEG signal frequency range:
    A) 100–500 Hz
    B) 1–2 Hz
    **C) 0.5–100 Hz**
    D) >500 Hz

38. The unit of blood pressure is:
    A) mmHg
    **B) mmHg**
    C) BPM
    D) Liters/min

39. Pulse oximeter works using:
    A) Thermocouple
    B) X-ray
    **C) Light absorption principle**
    D) Sound

40. Audiometry uses:
    **A) Headphones**
    B) ECG leads
    C) Needles
    D) Probes

Here are the remaining **60 MCQs** from **Unit III to Unit V** of your **Medical Instrumentation syllabus**, completing the full **100-question set**.

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## ✅ **Unit III: Therapeutic Instruments**

41. Pacemakers are used to treat:
    A) Hypertension
    **B) Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)**
    C) Lung infection
    D) Brain seizures

42. ICD stands for:
    A) Implantable Control Device
    **B) Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator**
    C) Internal Cardio Device
    D) Integrated Cardiac Defibrillator

43. ICD delivers:
    A) Oxygen
    **B) Electrical shock to restore normal rhythm**
    C) Medications
    D) Blood transfusion

44. Dialysis is a process that:
    A) Injects nutrients
    B) Removes oxygen
    **C) Removes waste from blood**
    D) Adds red blood cells

45. In haemodialysis, blood is filtered through:
    A) Kidney
    B) Liver
    **C) Dialyzer (artificial kidney)**
    D) Peritoneum

46. Peritoneal dialysis uses:
    A) External machine only
    **B) Peritoneal membrane for filtration**
    C) Heart-lung machine
    D) Lungs

47. Ventilator is used for:
    **A) Mechanical breathing support**
    B) Cardiac pacing
    C) Brain stimulation
    D) Blood circulation

48. CPB stands for:
    A) Cardio Pulse Booster
    **B) Cardiopulmonary Bypass**
    C) Cardiac Performance Booster
    D) Critical Pressure Backup

49. A pacemaker typically includes:
    A) Kidney
    **B) Pulse generator and leads**
    C) Oxygen supply
    D) Dialysis tube

50. Pacemaker pacing modes are:
    A) Manual only
    **B) Fixed rate or demand mode**
    C) Non-pulsed
    D) Direct electric current

51. Ventilator settings include:
    A) ECG and EEG
    **B) Tidal volume and respiratory rate**
    C) Heart rate only
    D) Blood glucose level

52. Heart-lung machine is used during:
    A) EEG
    **B) Open-heart surgery**
    C) Brain scan
    D) Liver transplant

53. Dialysis removes:
    A) Hormones
    **B) Urea and toxins**
    C) Glucose
    D) DNA

54. A patient needing ventilation may have:
    A) High blood pressure
    **B) Respiratory failure**
    C) Kidney stones
    D) Broken bone

55. Peritoneal dialysis access point is:
    A) Arm
    B) Neck
    **C) Abdomen**
    D) Chest

56. Ventilator delivers:
    **A) Controlled airflow into lungs**
    B) Insulin
    C) Electric shocks
    D) X-rays

57. CPB machine oxygenates:
    **A) Blood**
    B) Heart
    C) Brain
    D) Muscles

58. Pacemaker triggers heart contraction via:
    A) Air pressure
    **B) Electrical impulses**
    C) Chemical reaction
    D) Heat

59. Haemodialysis is typically performed:
    A) Every day
    **B) 2–3 times a week**
    C) Once a year
    D) Twice a month

60. A key risk in ICD use is:
    A) Under-voltage
    **B) Inappropriate shock delivery**
    C) Sound distortion
    D) Temperature rise

---

## ✅ **Unit IV: Modern Imaging Techniques**

61. Ultrasound imaging uses:
    A) X-rays
    B) Infrared
    **C) High-frequency sound waves**
    D) Lasers

62. Axial Echo Cardiography is used for:
    A) Brain imaging
    **B) Heart structure analysis**
    C) Lungs
    D) Liver

63. X-rays are a form of:
    A) Sound energy
    **B) Electromagnetic radiation**
    C) Mechanical waves
    D) Thermal energy

64. CT stands for:
    A) Computer Tracking
    **B) Computed Tomography**
    C) Central Thermography
    D) Circuit Test

65. CT scans give:
    A) 2D surface view
    B) Only heart imaging
    **C) Cross-sectional images**
    D) Blood reports

66. PET scan involves:
    A) X-ray emission
    **B) Radioactive tracers**
    C) Mechanical rotation
    D) Pressure measurement

67. PET is useful in detecting:
    A) Kidney infections
    **B) Tumors and metabolic activity**
    C) Hearing loss
    D) Heart murmurs

68. MRI uses:
    **A) Magnetic fields and radio waves**
    B) Gamma rays
    C) Sound waves
    D) Electric current

69. In MRI, images are formed using:
    A) Glucose levels
    **B) Proton alignment and relaxation**
    C) Blood samples
    D) Light

70. Infrared imaging is useful for:
    A) Bone fracture
    B) Blood count
    **C) Detecting heat or inflammation**
    D) Urine output

71. Laser Endoscopy uses:
    **A) Laser light for internal viewing**
    B) X-rays
    C) Magnetic fields
    D) Ultrasound

72. CT scans expose the patient to:
    A) No radiation
    **B) Ionizing radiation**
    C) Magnetic fields
    D) Sound

73. MRI is preferred for:
    A) Bone injury
    **B) Soft tissue imaging**
    C) Lung capacity
    D) Skin infection

74. Ultrasound is considered:
    A) Dangerous
    B) Ionizing
    **C) Safe and non-ionizing**
    D) Optical

75. PET requires injection of:
    A) Saline
    B) Blood
    **C) Radioactive glucose**
    D) Air

76. MRI is NOT suitable for patients with:
    **A) Metal implants**
    B) Kidney issues
    C) Diabetes
    D) Allergies

77. Ultrasound uses what kind of probe?
    A) Laser
    B) Radiowave
    **C) Transducer**
    D) CT head

78. In X-ray imaging, bones appear:
    **A) White**
    B) Black
    C) Red
    D) Transparent

79. CT scan is better than X-ray because:
    A) It's faster
    **B) It provides 3D view**
    C) It's cheaper
    D) It's portable

80. MRI avoids radiation by using:
    A) CT scanner
    B) Laser scanner
    **C) Strong magnets and radio waves**
    D) X-ray tubes

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## ✅ **Unit V: Biotelemetry & Patient Safety**

81. Biotelemetry is used for:
    A) Audio signals
    **B) Remote physiological monitoring**
    C) MRI
    D) ECG printing

82. A typical telemetry system includes:
    **A) Sensor, transmitter, receiver**
    B) Scanner
    C) Switch
    D) Display only

83. Single-channel telemetry sends:
    **A) One signal at a time**
    B) Dual power
    C) Multiple data streams
    D) Compressed video

84. Multi-channel telemetry allows:
    A) One sensor only
    **B) Multiple physiological data**
    C) Imaging
    D) None

85. Chronic disease management includes:
    **A) Remote patient monitoring**
    B) Heart transplant
    C) Organ removal
    D) Infection

86. Post-discharge monitoring involves:
    A) Surgery
    **B) Home-based sensors**
    C) Diet only
    D) Physical exam

87. Microshock affects:
    A) Bones
    **B) Heart via internal leads**
    C) Muscles
    D) Skin

88. Macroshock involves:
    A) Small localized shock
    **B) Large current through body**
    C) Audio signals
    D) Air shock

89. Grounding in medical devices prevents:
    A) Data loss
    **B) Electrical shock**
    C) Imaging errors
    D) Heating

90. Electrosurgical units pose risks of:
    A) Vision loss
    B) Blood clots
    **C) Burns and high-frequency shocks**
    D) Hair loss

91. Telemedicine allows:
    **A) Remote diagnosis and treatment**
    B) Surgery
    C) Bed-side only care
    D) Manual charting

92. Physiological parameters suitable for telemetry:
    A) Age
    **B) ECG, SpO₂, BP**
    C) Weight
    D) Blood group

93. Patient safety is improved with:
    A) High current
    **B) Isolation and grounding**


C) No insulation
D) Complex wiring

94. Chronic disease monitoring uses:
    A) Blood samples only
    **B) Wearable sensors**
    C) Monthly checkup
    D) None

95. Biotelemetry is important in:
    **A) ICU and mobile health**
    B) Sports only
    C) School exams
    D) Banks

96. Electrosurgical burns are due to:
    A) Chemicals
    **B) Poor contact or current leakage**
    C) UV exposure
    D) ECG pads

97. Isolation transformer is used for:
    A) Data transfer
    **B) Preventing shock hazards**
    C) Voltage boost
    D) Audio clarity

98. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) are used for:
    A) Imaging
    B) Transmitting data
    **C) Detecting leakage current**
    D) Cleaning instruments

99. In telemetry, RF transmitter sends signal to:
    A) Amplifier
    **B) Receiver**
    C) Transducer
    D) Probe

100. Macroshock becomes dangerous above:
     A) 0.1 mA
     B) 1 mA
     **C) 100 mA**
     D) 0.01 mA


 

 

Unit I Introduction to Human Physiology & Biomedical Instrumentation 

Bio–potential and their generation(resting and action potential)- Block Diagram of Central Nervous System (CNS)- Block Diagram of the cardiovascular system - Block Diagram of the respiratory system - Block Diagram of the urinary system. Electrodes:Micro, Skin-Surface and Needle electrodes- Biomedical sensors and transducers – Biomedical signal conditioning and amplification. 

Unit II Diagnostic & Monitoring Instruments 

Cardiac Monitoring: Electrocardiography (ECG) –Brain Monitoring: Electroencephalography (EEG) –Muscle Activity Monitoring: - Electromyography (EMG) –SpO2 Monitoring:Pulseoximeter- Blood Pressure monitoring: Sphygmomanometer - Basic concepts ofElectroretinography (ERG), Audiometry 

 Unit III Therapeutic Instruments 

Introduction to Electrotherapy devices – Implantable Cardioverter Devices: Pacemakers – Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICD) - Therapy Devices: Dialysis machines (Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis) - Respiratory Therapy Devices: Ventilators - Heart Lung Machine (Cardio Pulmonary Bypass Machine) 

 Unit IV Modern Imaging Techniques 

Ultrasonic Imaging Techniques: Axial Echo Cardiography, applications – Xray Imaging: X-ray Machine, applications, Computerized Tomography (CT) - Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Infrared imaging and its applications - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique and its applications - Laser Endoscopy imaging technique and its applications. 

 Unit V Biotelemetry and Patient Safety 

Biotelemetry: Physiological parameters adaptable to biotelemetry – Block diagram of atypical Biotelemetry System - Single Channel Telemetry technique - Multi Channel Telemetry technique - Continuous Monitoring -Chronic Disease Management-Post-discharge - Telemedicine: Definition and applications 

Patient safety: Physiological effects of electric current – Micro and Macro shock – shock hazards from electrical - Methods of Accident Prevention: Grounding - Safety aspects in electrosurgical units: Burns, High-frequency current hazards. 



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