Medical Instrumentation MCQ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Here are **100 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)** with **four options each**, divided by the five units from your Medical Instrumentation syllabus. Each unit has **20 MCQs**. Answers are **highlighted in bold** for clarity.
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## ✅ **Unit I: Human Physiology & Biomedical Instrumentation**
1. What is the typical value of resting membrane potential in neurons?
A) +30 mV
**B) –70 mV**
C) 0 mV
D) –30 mV
2. Action potentials are generated when:
A) Potassium exits the cell
B) Chloride enters the cell
**C) Sodium enters the cell**
D) Calcium exits the cell
3. The Central Nervous System includes:
A) Heart and lungs
**B) Brain and spinal cord**
C) Brain and kidneys
D) Lungs and liver
4. Which organ pumps blood in the cardiovascular system?
A) Lungs
**B) Heart**
C) Liver
D) Brain
5. Main function of respiratory system is:
A) Circulation
**B) Gas exchange**
C) Digestion
D) Filtration
6. Urinary system removes:
A) Oxygen
B) CO₂
**C) Waste products**
D) Hormones
7. Surface electrodes are used for:
**A) Non-invasive recording**
B) Intracellular recording
C) Deep muscle stimulation
D) None of the above
8. Microelectrodes are primarily used for:
A) ECG
**B) Intracellular recordings**
C) EMG
D) Pulse oximetry
9. Needle electrodes are:
A) Placed on skin
B) Used only in ECG
**C) Inserted into tissue**
D) External only
10. A transducer converts:
**A) One form of energy into another**
B) Heat into light
C) Light into pressure
D) Sound into liquid
11. A sensor detects:
A) Digital signals only
B) Noise
**C) Physical or chemical changes**
D) Current
12. Signal conditioning includes:
A) Encoding
B) Compression
**C) Amplification and filtering**
D) Imaging
13. The purpose of amplification in biopotential signals is to:
**A) Increase signal strength**
B) Reduce noise
C) Filter unwanted signals
D) Compress data
14. Electrodes used for ECG are:
A) Needle electrodes
**B) Surface electrodes**
C) Microelectrodes
D) Invasive electrodes
15. The primary role of the kidney is:
A) Oxygen transport
B) Digestion
**C) Waste filtration**
D) Hormone regulation
16. Biopotential refers to:
A) Magnetic field
**B) Electrical potential in living tissue**
C) Pressure wave
D) Fluid movement
17. Action potentials propagate due to:
**A) Ionic exchange across membranes**
B) Heat transmission
C) Pressure gradients
D) Optical sensors
18. The CNS controls:
A) Urination only
**B) All voluntary and involuntary activities**
C) Lung function only
D) None
19. Biomedical amplifiers must have:
A) High output impedance
**B) High input impedance**
C) High gain-to-noise
D) Low input resistance
20. Which component boosts weak physiological signals?
A) Transducer
B) Sensor
**C) Amplifier**
D) Battery
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## ✅ **Unit II: Diagnostic & Monitoring Instruments**
21. ECG is used to monitor:
A) Brain activity
**B) Heart activity**
C) Blood sugar
D) Body temperature
22. P wave in ECG represents:
**A) Atrial depolarization**
B) Ventricular depolarization
C) Atrial repolarization
D) Ventricular repolarization
23. EEG measures electrical activity of the:
A) Heart
**B) Brain**
C) Muscles
D) Lungs
24. EMG records:
A) Blood pressure
**B) Muscle activity**
C) Brain waves
D) Skin temperature
25. Pulse oximeter measures:
A) Pulse rate only
B) BP
**C) Oxygen saturation**
D) Blood sugar
26. Normal SpO₂ value is:
A) 70–80%
**B) 95–100%**
C) 85–90%
D) 60–75%
27. EEG is useful for detecting:
A) Heart attacks
**B) Epilepsy**
C) Lung function
D) Kidney disorders
28. EMG electrodes are often:
A) Skin electrodes
B) Microelectrodes
**C) Needle electrodes**
D) None
29. Sphygmomanometer is used to measure:
A) Heart rate
**B) Blood pressure**
C) Respiration rate
D) Sugar levels
30. Korotkoff sounds are heard using:
A) ECG
B) EEG
**C) Stethoscope**
D) Thermometer
31. ERG tests the function of the:
**A) Retina**
B) Ear
C) Heart
D) Kidney
32. Audiometry is related to:
**A) Hearing assessment**
B) Vision
C) Smell
D) Blood pressure
33. EMG is helpful in diagnosing:
A) Stroke
**B) Neuromuscular disorders**
C) Diabetes
D) Cardiac failure
34. ECG is recorded using:
**A) Surface electrodes**
B) Laser probes
C) Thermistors
D) X-ray plates
35. Normal heart rate in adults is:
A) 40–50 bpm
**B) 60–100 bpm**
C) 100–140 bpm
D) 20–40 bpm
36. SpO₂ is monitored in:
A) Brain surgery
B) X-ray
**C) Respiratory therapy**
D) Audiometry
37. EEG signal frequency range:
A) 100–500 Hz
B) 1–2 Hz
**C) 0.5–100 Hz**
D) >500 Hz
38. The unit of blood pressure is:
A) mmHg
**B) mmHg**
C) BPM
D) Liters/min
39. Pulse oximeter works using:
A) Thermocouple
B) X-ray
**C) Light absorption principle**
D) Sound
40. Audiometry uses:
**A) Headphones**
B) ECG leads
C) Needles
D) Probes
Here are the remaining **60 MCQs** from **Unit III to Unit V** of your **Medical Instrumentation syllabus**, completing the full **100-question set**.
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## ✅ **Unit III: Therapeutic Instruments**
41. Pacemakers are used to treat:
A) Hypertension
**B) Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)**
C) Lung infection
D) Brain seizures
42. ICD stands for:
A) Implantable Control Device
**B) Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator**
C) Internal Cardio Device
D) Integrated Cardiac Defibrillator
43. ICD delivers:
A) Oxygen
**B) Electrical shock to restore normal rhythm**
C) Medications
D) Blood transfusion
44. Dialysis is a process that:
A) Injects nutrients
B) Removes oxygen
**C) Removes waste from blood**
D) Adds red blood cells
45. In haemodialysis, blood is filtered through:
A) Kidney
B) Liver
**C) Dialyzer (artificial kidney)**
D) Peritoneum
46. Peritoneal dialysis uses:
A) External machine only
**B) Peritoneal membrane for filtration**
C) Heart-lung machine
D) Lungs
47. Ventilator is used for:
**A) Mechanical breathing support**
B) Cardiac pacing
C) Brain stimulation
D) Blood circulation
48. CPB stands for:
A) Cardio Pulse Booster
**B) Cardiopulmonary Bypass**
C) Cardiac Performance Booster
D) Critical Pressure Backup
49. A pacemaker typically includes:
A) Kidney
**B) Pulse generator and leads**
C) Oxygen supply
D) Dialysis tube
50. Pacemaker pacing modes are:
A) Manual only
**B) Fixed rate or demand mode**
C) Non-pulsed
D) Direct electric current
51. Ventilator settings include:
A) ECG and EEG
**B) Tidal volume and respiratory rate**
C) Heart rate only
D) Blood glucose level
52. Heart-lung machine is used during:
A) EEG
**B) Open-heart surgery**
C) Brain scan
D) Liver transplant
53. Dialysis removes:
A) Hormones
**B) Urea and toxins**
C) Glucose
D) DNA
54. A patient needing ventilation may have:
A) High blood pressure
**B) Respiratory failure**
C) Kidney stones
D) Broken bone
55. Peritoneal dialysis access point is:
A) Arm
B) Neck
**C) Abdomen**
D) Chest
56. Ventilator delivers:
**A) Controlled airflow into lungs**
B) Insulin
C) Electric shocks
D) X-rays
57. CPB machine oxygenates:
**A) Blood**
B) Heart
C) Brain
D) Muscles
58. Pacemaker triggers heart contraction via:
A) Air pressure
**B) Electrical impulses**
C) Chemical reaction
D) Heat
59. Haemodialysis is typically performed:
A) Every day
**B) 2–3 times a week**
C) Once a year
D) Twice a month
60. A key risk in ICD use is:
A) Under-voltage
**B) Inappropriate shock delivery**
C) Sound distortion
D) Temperature rise
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## ✅ **Unit IV: Modern Imaging Techniques**
61. Ultrasound imaging uses:
A) X-rays
B) Infrared
**C) High-frequency sound waves**
D) Lasers
62. Axial Echo Cardiography is used for:
A) Brain imaging
**B) Heart structure analysis**
C) Lungs
D) Liver
63. X-rays are a form of:
A) Sound energy
**B) Electromagnetic radiation**
C) Mechanical waves
D) Thermal energy
64. CT stands for:
A) Computer Tracking
**B) Computed Tomography**
C) Central Thermography
D) Circuit Test
65. CT scans give:
A) 2D surface view
B) Only heart imaging
**C) Cross-sectional images**
D) Blood reports
66. PET scan involves:
A) X-ray emission
**B) Radioactive tracers**
C) Mechanical rotation
D) Pressure measurement
67. PET is useful in detecting:
A) Kidney infections
**B) Tumors and metabolic activity**
C) Hearing loss
D) Heart murmurs
68. MRI uses:
**A) Magnetic fields and radio waves**
B) Gamma rays
C) Sound waves
D) Electric current
69. In MRI, images are formed using:
A) Glucose levels
**B) Proton alignment and relaxation**
C) Blood samples
D) Light
70. Infrared imaging is useful for:
A) Bone fracture
B) Blood count
**C) Detecting heat or inflammation**
D) Urine output
71. Laser Endoscopy uses:
**A) Laser light for internal viewing**
B) X-rays
C) Magnetic fields
D) Ultrasound
72. CT scans expose the patient to:
A) No radiation
**B) Ionizing radiation**
C) Magnetic fields
D) Sound
73. MRI is preferred for:
A) Bone injury
**B) Soft tissue imaging**
C) Lung capacity
D) Skin infection
74. Ultrasound is considered:
A) Dangerous
B) Ionizing
**C) Safe and non-ionizing**
D) Optical
75. PET requires injection of:
A) Saline
B) Blood
**C) Radioactive glucose**
D) Air
76. MRI is NOT suitable for patients with:
**A) Metal implants**
B) Kidney issues
C) Diabetes
D) Allergies
77. Ultrasound uses what kind of probe?
A) Laser
B) Radiowave
**C) Transducer**
D) CT head
78. In X-ray imaging, bones appear:
**A) White**
B) Black
C) Red
D) Transparent
79. CT scan is better than X-ray because:
A) It's faster
**B) It provides 3D view**
C) It's cheaper
D) It's portable
80. MRI avoids radiation by using:
A) CT scanner
B) Laser scanner
**C) Strong magnets and radio waves**
D) X-ray tubes
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## ✅ **Unit V: Biotelemetry & Patient Safety**
81. Biotelemetry is used for:
A) Audio signals
**B) Remote physiological monitoring**
C) MRI
D) ECG printing
82. A typical telemetry system includes:
**A) Sensor, transmitter, receiver**
B) Scanner
C) Switch
D) Display only
83. Single-channel telemetry sends:
**A) One signal at a time**
B) Dual power
C) Multiple data streams
D) Compressed video
84. Multi-channel telemetry allows:
A) One sensor only
**B) Multiple physiological data**
C) Imaging
D) None
85. Chronic disease management includes:
**A) Remote patient monitoring**
B) Heart transplant
C) Organ removal
D) Infection
86. Post-discharge monitoring involves:
A) Surgery
**B) Home-based sensors**
C) Diet only
D) Physical exam
87. Microshock affects:
A) Bones
**B) Heart via internal leads**
C) Muscles
D) Skin
88. Macroshock involves:
A) Small localized shock
**B) Large current through body**
C) Audio signals
D) Air shock
89. Grounding in medical devices prevents:
A) Data loss
**B) Electrical shock**
C) Imaging errors
D) Heating
90. Electrosurgical units pose risks of:
A) Vision loss
B) Blood clots
**C) Burns and high-frequency shocks**
D) Hair loss
91. Telemedicine allows:
**A) Remote diagnosis and treatment**
B) Surgery
C) Bed-side only care
D) Manual charting
92. Physiological parameters suitable for telemetry:
A) Age
**B) ECG, SpO₂, BP**
C) Weight
D) Blood group
93. Patient safety is improved with:
A) High current
**B) Isolation and grounding**
C) No insulation
D) Complex wiring
94. Chronic disease monitoring uses:
A) Blood samples only
**B) Wearable sensors**
C) Monthly checkup
D) None
95. Biotelemetry is important in:
**A) ICU and mobile health**
B) Sports only
C) School exams
D) Banks
96. Electrosurgical burns are due to:
A) Chemicals
**B) Poor contact or current leakage**
C) UV exposure
D) ECG pads
97. Isolation transformer is used for:
A) Data transfer
**B) Preventing shock hazards**
C) Voltage boost
D) Audio clarity
98. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) are used for:
A) Imaging
B) Transmitting data
**C) Detecting leakage current**
D) Cleaning instruments
99. In telemetry, RF transmitter sends signal to:
A) Amplifier
**B) Receiver**
C) Transducer
D) Probe
100. Macroshock becomes dangerous above:
A) 0.1 mA
B) 1 mA
**C) 100 mA**
D) 0.01 mA
Unit I Introduction to Human Physiology & Biomedical Instrumentation
Bio–potential and their generation(resting and action potential)- Block Diagram of Central Nervous System (CNS)- Block Diagram of the cardiovascular system - Block Diagram of the respiratory system - Block Diagram of the urinary system. Electrodes:Micro, Skin-Surface and Needle electrodes- Biomedical sensors and transducers – Biomedical signal conditioning and amplification.
Unit II Diagnostic & Monitoring Instruments
Cardiac Monitoring: Electrocardiography (ECG) –Brain Monitoring: Electroencephalography (EEG) –Muscle Activity Monitoring: - Electromyography (EMG) –SpO2 Monitoring:Pulseoximeter- Blood Pressure monitoring: Sphygmomanometer - Basic concepts ofElectroretinography (ERG), Audiometry
Unit III Therapeutic Instruments
Introduction to Electrotherapy devices – Implantable Cardioverter Devices: Pacemakers – Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICD) - Therapy Devices: Dialysis machines (Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis) - Respiratory Therapy Devices: Ventilators - Heart Lung Machine (Cardio Pulmonary Bypass Machine)
Unit IV Modern Imaging Techniques
Ultrasonic Imaging Techniques: Axial Echo Cardiography, applications – Xray Imaging: X-ray Machine, applications, Computerized Tomography (CT) - Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Infrared imaging and its applications - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique and its applications - Laser Endoscopy imaging technique and its applications.
Unit V Biotelemetry and Patient Safety
Biotelemetry: Physiological parameters adaptable to biotelemetry – Block diagram of atypical Biotelemetry System - Single Channel Telemetry technique - Multi Channel Telemetry technique - Continuous Monitoring -Chronic Disease Management-Post-discharge - Telemedicine: Definition and applications
Patient safety: Physiological effects of electric current – Micro and Macro shock – shock hazards from electrical - Methods of Accident Prevention: Grounding - Safety aspects in electrosurgical units: Burns, High-frequency current hazards.
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